Alternating anterior and posterior fascicular block and left septal fascicular block
Section of Cardiology, Ospedale Privato Quisisana, Ferrara, Italy
Medical director: Doc. Cinchini Elisabetta
The pathophysiological basis of “biochemical” AI inTM has not yet been well-defined. Chronic transfusions induce iron overload in several
organs, including adrenal and pituitary glands.Therefore, it is possible that pituitary iron depositionmight reduce ACTH secretion leading to CAI , andthe adrenal glands might also be directly affected byiron toxicity.
There are two methods to differentiate betweenprimary and secondary AI. First is done bymeasuring plasma ACTH concentration in the basalfasting AM blood sample. If it is higher than normal,the patient has primary AI, whereas if it is low, thediagnosis of secondary or tertiary AI should beconsidered.
The second method assesses the serum cortisolvalues in response to exogenous corticotropin(ACTH) stimulation or insulin tolerance test (ITT).
The agent most commonly used is synthetic ACTH (1-24) (cosyntropin), which has the full biologic potency of native ACTH.
The text is useful for the diagnosis of AI but not for the differential diagnosis between peripheral and central forms.
Patients are usually asymptomatic. Clinical adrenal insufficiency and adrenal crisis are very rare.
Adrenal androgen levels might be decreased explaining the poor development of pubic and axillary hair observed in thalassemic adolescents (Figure).
1. Fasting Cortisol level is screened yearly, especially in growth hormone deficient patients during rhGH therapy.
2. If low (Figure) do ACTH stimulation test.
3. Patients with abnormal screening are referred to endocrinology for further evaluation.
4. Cosyntropin: 1 μg intravenously is given and cortisol levels are measured at 30 and 60 minutes after dosing.
5. Peak total cortisol level 18 μg/dl or greater isusually considered normal.
Legend: ITT (insulin Tolerance Test)
Thalassaemia patients more than 10 years of age, especially those with wasting and other endocrinopathies should be monitored annually for hypoadrenalism.
In the last 10 years, in a single Thalassaemia Unit following 195 thalassaemic patients, eleven cases of carcinoma were diagnosed: 4 cases of liver, 1 of lung,1 of adrenal gland and 5 cases of papillary thyroidcarcinoma (patient mean age 42.6 years; Figure).
A diagnosis of incidental papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) was made in 3 female patients with iron overload. According to the World Health Organization, PTMC is defined as papillary thyroid carcinoma measuring < or = 10 mm in the greatest dimension. Two patients were HCV positive.
Investigations
US of thyroid nodule
Surgical treatment is particularly recommended for those patients with nodules that are considered cancerous. This is primarily detectable by FNAB. Even though FNAB diagnosis may not indicate a strictly cancerous diagnosis, it may indicate a diagnosis that is sufficiently suggestive of cancer to warrant surgical treatment.Thyroid nodules that are benign by FNA or too small to biopsy should still be watched closely with ultrasound examination every 6 to 12 months and annual physical examination by your doctor.Surgery may still be recommended even for a nodule that is benign by FNA if it continues to grow, or develops worrisome features on ultrasound over the course of follow up.
Section of Cardiology, Ospedale Privato Quisisana, Ferrara, Italy
Section of Cardiology, Ospedale Privato Quisisana, Ferrara, Italy
Michele Brignole, MD, Antonella Groppelli, MD, Vincenzo Russo, MD, Artur Fedorowski, MD, Gert van Dijk, MD, Paolo Alboni, MD
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